Mechanism of TLR-4/NF-κB pathway in myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury of mouse

OBJECTIVE@#To detect the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and NF-κB and to discuss the mechanism of TLR-4/NF-κB pathway in the myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury of mouse.@*METHODS@#TLR-4 mutant mice and wild homozygous mice were divided into the model group and sham group. Mice in the model group were given the ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery for the modeling, while mice in the sham group were not given the ligation after threading. The cardiac muscle tissues were collected for the morphological observation. The immunohistochemistry was employed to detect the expression of NF-κB, Western blot was used to detect the expression of TLR-4 and ELISA to detect the expression of serum inflammatory factors.@*RESULTS@#The expression of NF-κB in TLR-4 null mice after the myocardial ischemia reperfusion was significantly lower than that in wild homozygous mice. For the model group and sham group, the expression of TLR-4 in wild homozygous mice was all significantly higher than that in TLR-4 null mice, while the expression of TLR-4 in TLR-4 null mice in the model group was significantly higher than that in sham group, with the statistical difference (P < 0.05). The expression of inflammatory factors in TLR-4 null mice and wild homozygous mice in the model group was significantly higher than that in sham group. The expression of all factors in group A with TLR-4 null was significantly lower than that in group B with wild homozygous type, with the statistical difference (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#TLR-4/NF-κB pathway is closely related to the myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, which plays its role through the release of inflammatory cytokines.

Mechanism of TLR-4/NF-κB pathway in myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury of mouse

Objective To detect the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and NF-κB and to discuss the mechanism of TLR-4/NF-κB pathway in the myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury of mouse. Methods TLR-4 mutant mice and wild homozygous mice were divided into the model group and sham group. Mice in the model group were given the ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery for the modeling, while mice in the sham group were not given the ligation after threading. The cardiac muscle tissues were collected for the morphological observation. The immunohistochemistry was employed to detect the expression of NF-κB, Western blot was used to detect the expression of TLR-4 and ELISA to detect the expression of serum inflammatory factors. Results The expression of NF-κB in TLR-4 null mice after the myocardial ischemia reperfusion was significantly lower than that in wild homozygous mice. For the model group and sham group, the expression of TLR-4 in wild homozygous mice was all significantly higher than that in TLR-4 null mice, while the expression of TLR-4 in TLR-4 null mice in the model group was significantly higher than that in sham group, with the statistical difference (P < 0.05). The expression of inflammatory factors in TLR-4 null mice and wild homozygous mice in the model group was significantly higher than that in sham group. The expression of all factors in group A with TLR-4 null was significantly lower than that in group B with wild homozygous type, with the statistical difference (P < 0.05). Conclusions TLR-4/NF-κB pathway is closely related to the myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, which plays its role through the release of inflammatory cytokines.

Detection of human bocavirus in children with acute respiratory tract infections in Lanzhou and Nanjing, China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The aim of this study was to explore the prevalent characteristics of HBoV1 and its co-infection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>PCR was used to detect HBoV1-DNA (HBoV1) and other viruses. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to explore possibility of co-detected for related viruses.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The positivity rates in Nanjing and Lanzhou were 9.38% (74/789) and 11.62% (161/1386), respectively (P>0.05). The HBoV1 positive group was younger than negative group (P<0.05). Seasonal differences were noted, with a higher frequency of infection in December and July. HBoV1-positive children [72.34% (169/235)] were co-infected with other respiratory viruses. Multifactorial analysis showed no correlations between HBoV1 and the clinical classification, region, gender, age, or treatment as an outpatient or in a hospital. Correlations were identified between HBoV1 infections with ADV (OR=1.53, 95% CI 1.03-2.28), RSV (OR=0.71, 95% CI 0.52-0.98), and IFVA (OR=1.77, 95% CI 1.00-3.13).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Presence of HBoV1 in nasopharyngeal aspirates did not correlate with region or gender, although the prevalence of HBoV1 was higher in younger children. There were no correlations between HBoV1 and other variables, except for the season and ADV, RSV, or IFVA infections.</p>

Virus detection in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of 122 children with severe pneumonia / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the prevalence of viral pathogen in children with severe pneumonia in Hunan.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid [BALF] were collected from 122 hospitalized children with severe pneumonia in People's Hospital of Hunan province from January 2011 to December 2011. Nested- or reverse transcription Polymerase chain reaction (PCR or RT-PCR) was used to screen Adenovirus (ADV), Human Bocavirus (HBoV), Parainfluenzaviruses1-4 (PIV1-4), Human Respiratory Syneytial virus (RSV), Influenza virus A (IFVA), Influenza virus B (IFVB), Human Rhinovirus(HRV), Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV), human coronaviruses NL63 and HKU1 (HCoV-NL63, HCoV- HKU1).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Among the 122 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, viral agents were detected in 60 samples(49.1%), among which ADV (40.98%) was the most common virus, followed by RSV (7.37%) and HBoV (7.37%). Two viruses were detected in 21 individual (35%) samples, of which 20 were dual positive for ADV (40%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>ADV is the most frequently detected viral etiology of severe pneumonia in children in Hunan during this year. And its Coinfection with other respiratory viruses was common.</p>

The epidemiological study of adenovirus in children with respiratory tract infections in Nanjing area from 2010 to 2011 / 病毒学报

<p><b>UNLABELLED</b>To investigate the epidemiological features and types of human adenoviruses (ADV) in children with acute respiratory tract infection in Nanjing area, China. Nasopharyngeal aspirates and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 644 outpatients or hospitalized pediatric patients with ARTI at the Children Hospital of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, between August 2010 and July 2011. Adenoviruses were identified and typed from the collected clinical specimens by nested-PCR based on the partial region of the hexon gene. Other 12 respiratory viruses including human bocavirus (HBoV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human rhinovirus (HRV), parainfluenza viruses 1-4 (PIV1-4), influenza virus A/B (IFVA/B), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), human coronavirus NL63 and HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1 and HCoV-NL63) were also identified by PCR method. All PCR positive products were sequenced and phylogenetic analysis was conducted. It was showed that adenoviruses were detected in 171 patients out of 644 (26. 55%) children, 120 (70.18%, 120/171) for ADV3, 16 (9.36%,16/171) for ADV7, 12 (7.02%, 12/171) for ADV1, 10 (5.85%, 10/171) for ADV2, 6 (3.51%, 6/171) for ADV5, 3 (1.75%, 3/171) for ADV6, 3 (1.75%, 3/171) for ADV57, and 1 (0.58%,1/171) for ADV41. ADV infection could occur in any season. There was a higher possibility of ADV infection from April to July in 2011. Most cases (96.49%) were younger than 7 years old. A total of 99 of the 171 ADV-positive children (57.89%) were co-infected with other respiratory viruses. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human rhinovirus (HRV) were the most common additional respiratory viruses, Lower respiratory tract infections were the most frequent diagnoses made in the hospital, in which there were 52 pneumonia (30.4%) cases.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>ADV is one of the most important pathogens of acute respiratory tract infection in children in Nanjing area, and adenovirus type 3 was the most prevalent serotype. It is important to develop long-term surveillance.</p>

Molecular and epidemiological study on among children under 5 years old in Nanjing / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the infected information, clinical symptom and molecular epidemiological characteristics of HuCV infection among children under 5 years old in Nanjing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In Nanjing Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from July 2010 to June 2011, we collected 428 stool specimens from children with diarrhea and 428 asymptomatic controls. Human Calicivirus were tested by using RT-PCR. Then we sequenced the nucleic acid of PCR amplifications and identified the genotype and gene group of prevalent strains.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>63 (14.72%) out of 428 stool samples were detected as HuCV. 58 were norovirus and 5 were sapovirus, while GII-4 2006b was the predominant strain of NoV. In the 428 control samples, 19 samples were positive for calicivirus, there were 8 NoV and 13 SaV (Including 3 co-infection cases).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Human caliciviruses with different genotypes circulated among children in Nanjing,and GII. 2006b is the dominant genotype.</p>

Detection and clinical characteristics analysis of human bocavirus 1-3 in children for acute respiratory infection in Lanzhou area / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the clinical and molecular epidemiology characteristics of human Bocavirus 1-3 (HBoV1-3) in children for acute respiratory infection in Lanzhou area.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Nasopharyngeal aspiration samples and throat swabs were collected from 524 children with ARTI at the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Gansu Province, China, between December 2009 and November 2010. Nested PCR was employed to screening HBoV1-3, which amplified a 518-bp fragment of the partial NS1 gene. Furthermore, a standard reverse transcription-PCR was used to screen for other common respiratory viruses.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The overall frequency of HBoV was 8.2% (43/524), lining up behind human rhinovirus, RSV, parainfluenza virus 3. Thirty of the HBoV-postive children(69.8%) were co-infected with other respiratory viruses. The prevalence of HBoV1 in ALRTI was obviously higher than that in AURI. The 2 HBoV2 NS1 sequences shared 99% and 100% nucleotide sequence identity with HBoV2 strain CU47TH respectively. Two cases of HBoV2 postive children appears gastrointestinal symptoms. The one HBoV3 NS1 sequences shared 99% nucleotide sequence identity with HBoV3 isolate 46-BJ07.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The HBoV3 was detected at the first time in lanzhou area. HBoV1-3 infection exists in children with acute respiratory tract infections in Lanzhou region, HBoV1 were dominant. The mixed infection rate was higher.</p>

Molecular epideiological and clinical feature of human metapneumovirus in children with acute respiratory tract infection in Nanjing City / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the molecular epideiological and clinical feature of human metapneumovirus in children with acute respiratory tract infection in Nanjing city, China.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Nasopharyngeal aspirates and nasopharyngeal swab were taken from 642 outpatients or hospitalized pediatric patients with acute at the Children Hospital of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, between August 2009 and July 2010. Respiratory speciments were tested for the M gene of hMPV by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). All RT-PCR positive products were sequenced and phlogenetic analysis was conducted.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>hMPV was detected in 35 (5.5%) of the 642 children. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 51.4% of the hMPV were B1, 31.4% were A2b. The peak of the positive rate was in April. The majority of the hMPV-positive patients(71.4%) were 0-1 years old. Of the 35 hMPV-positive patients, 15 (42.8%) were co-infected with other respiratory viruses, and human rhinovirus (HRV) were the most common additional respiratory virus. The most common clinical diagnosis was pneumonia (48.6%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Human metapneumovirus is an important pathogen of acute respiratory tract infection in children in Nanjing city. The subtype B1 was the predominating lineage in 2009-2010 in Nanjing city. No significant differences were found for clinical characteristics between genotype A and genotype B human metapneumovirus infection in children in Nanjing.</p>

Prevalence and risk factors of hepatic steatosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B / 中华肝脏病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of hepatic steatosis in patients with biopsy-proven chronic hepatitis B (CHB).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One thousand nine hundred and fifteen patients with CHB who had liver biopsies seen between January 2005 and June 2007 in our department were reviewed. Patients co-infected with hepatitis C virus or HIV or suffering from liver diseases of other causes were not included. The prevalence of hepatic steatosis and its trend during the study period were determined, and the relationships among their hepatic steatosis with clinical data, serum biochemistry, HBV viral load, and the degree of liver inflammation and fibrosis stage were studied.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mean age of the patients was 30.7+/-9.5 years; 1,497 men and 418 women. Histological hepatic steatosis was present in 260 patients (13.6%), and the annual prevalence of steatosis increased with time (11.2% in 2005, 14.3% in 2006, and 17.9% in 2007). The prevalence of steatosis in male patients was significantly higher than that in female patients (15.2% vs. 7.7%, chi2 = 15.98, P less than 0.01). Body mass index (BMI), age, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) were all significantly higher in CHB patients with hepatic steatosis than in patients without steatosis (t values were 6.01, 3.60, 4.72 and 9.55, respectively, all P less than 0.01). The prevalence of overweight, obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia and hyperuricemia were also significantly higher in patients with steatosis than those without it (chi2 values 17.00, 169.45, 6.12, 116.67 and 76.34, all P less than 0.05). Prevalence of hepatic steatosis was higher in patients with mild CHB (17.8%) than in chronic inactive HBsAg carriers (8.6%), patients with moderate CHB (9.4%) and with severe CHB (7.7%). Similarly, prevalence of steatosis was higher in patients with inflammation grade 1 (19.8%) and fibrosis stage 1 (19.1%) than in patients with inflammation grade 0 (10.3%), grade 2 (11.5%), grade 3 (9.3%) and grade 4 (7.3%), and in patients with fibrosis stage 0 (10.8%), stage 2 (13.3%), stage 3 (7.1%) and stage 4 (7.4%), respectively. No close relationship was found between hepatic steatosis and serum HBeAg status or HBV DNA titer in patients with CHB. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the presence of steatosis was positively correlated to BMI, serum triglyceride, apolipoprotein B, uric acid and FPG.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Hepatic steatosis is not uncommon in patients with CHB. It is associated with metabolic factors of the hosts and not related to the virus itself. It is also not related to the degrees of liver inflammation and fibrosis.</p>

Viral and host causes of hepatosteatosis in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B / 中华实验和临床病毒学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the viral and host causes of hepatosteatosis in Chinese patient with chronic hepatitis B.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 562 patients (450 males and 112 females, age range 13-80 years) with biopsy-proven chronic hepatitis B were enrolled in the study. The patients were divided into two groups: group without steatosis (460 patients) and group with steatosis (102 patients). The groups were compared in terms of age, gender, body mass index (BMI), liver enzymes, cholesterol, triglyceride, APO-A, APO-B, urine acid (UA), fasting serum glucose (FSG) and HBeAg, viral load.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Steatosis was present in 102 patients (18.15%). The degree of liver steatosis in 97 (95.10%) patients were less 30%. Steatosis was found in 98 (21.78%) of male patients and 4 (3.75%) of female patients (P < 0.01). In the group of chronic hepatitis B with steatosis, the prevalence of obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, alcoholic consumption, the BMI, cholesterol, triglyceride, UA and FSG levels were significantly higher than those in the group without steatosis (P < 0.01). No significant difference was found in the mean age, HBeAg, viral load between the two groups (P > 0.05). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the present of steatosis was positively correlated to BMI, TG and UA.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Hepatosteatosis in chronic hepatitis B appears to be a result of metabolic factors of the host rather than the effect of viruses.</p>